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Pinus banksiana
  • Jack Pine

a perennial woody evergreen member of the Pinus genus in the family Pinaceae.

248px
Niche
  • Canopy
    Canopy
    There are no details available for this niche.
Functions
  • None
    None
    There are no functions defined for this plant. Do you know of some? Click the edit button to add them!
Light
  • Full sun
    Full sun
    The amount of sun exposure that a plant prefers in ideal conditions.
    Key
  • no shade
    No shade
    The amount of shade a plant will tolerate without adverse health affects.
    Key
Water
  • Water Requirementsmoderate
    Moderate
    The amount of water a plant needs for healthy growth, relative to other plants.
    Key
Soil
  • acid,neutral
    Unknown
    The PH range (acidity or alkilinity) of the growth medium ideal for healthy nutrient absorbtion.
    Key
  • Sandy to Loamy
    The soil texture this plant prefers for optimal growth.
    Key
Cold & Heat
  • 2
    Zone 2
    The USDA Hardiness scale assigns plants a number from 1 to 12 representing the minimum temperature a plant can survive.
    Key
    0< -53.9ºC< -65ºF
    1-51.1ºC-60ºF
    2-45.6ºC-50F
    3-40ºC-40ºF
    4-34.4ºC-30ºF
    5-28.9ºC-20ºF
    6-23.3ºC-10ºF
    7-17.8ºC0ºF
    8-12.2C10ºF
    9-6.7ºC20ºF
    10-1.1ºC30ºF
    114.4ºC40ºF
    12> 10ºC> 5ºF
  • ?
    Unknown
    The AHS Heat scale assigns plants a number from 1 to 12 representing the number of days per year a plant requires a temperature exceeding 30ºC (86ºF).
    Key
    11
    21 - 7
    38 - 14
    415 - 30
    531 - 45
    646 - 60
    761 - 90
    891 - 120
    9121 - 150
    10151 - 180
    11181 - 210
    12181 - 210
Pinus banksiana has 0 edible uses listed
Pinus banksiana has 0 material uses listed
Pinus banksiana has 0 medicinal uses listed

Uses

Toxic parts

The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[1].

Edible uses

Notes

Seed - raw or cooked[2]. Rich in oil with a slightly resinous flavour[K]. They are very small and fiddly to utilize, being only 2 - 3mm long[3].

Young cones - cooked[2]. Inner bark[4]. No more information is given, but the bark can usually be eaten raw or cooked. It can also be dried, then ground into a powder and used as a thickener in soups or can be mixed with cereal flours when making bread etc[K]. A refreshing drink is made from the leaves[5][2].

A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[3].

Unknown part

Condiment
Drink

Flowers

Unknown use

Inner bark

Unknown use

Seed

Unknown use

Material uses

A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[6].

Various native North American Indian tribes made a string from the long roots of this species and used it to stitch the bark of their canoes[7][4]. In a sandy soil, the roots of this species extend near the surface of the soil for perhaps 10 metres and are easy to pull out of the ground for their entire length. When gathered, they were made into coils and sunk beneath the surface of water until the outer bark had loosened from the root. They were then peeled and split in half, each half being a serviceable cord for sewing together canoes and bark strips intended for the roofs of wigwams and other purposes[4]. The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[8]. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[9]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[10][9]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[9]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[9] and is separated by distillation[10][9]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[10]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[10]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc[4].

Wood - fairly light, soft, coarse, weak[11][12][13][7]. It weighs 27lb per cubic foot[14]. It is mainly used for fuel, though occasionally also for posts, pulp and lumber[11][12][13][7].

Unknown part

Dye
Herbicide
String
Wood

Medicinal uses(Warning!)

The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge[10]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[10]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[10]. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers[10].

A poultice of the inner bark has been used in the treatment of deep cuts[4].

The leaves have been used in a herbal steam bath to clear congested lungs[4]. They have also been used as a fumigant to revive a comatose patient[4].

Unknown part

Antiseptic
Diuretic
Expectorant
Poultice
Rubefacient
Vermifuge

Ecology

Ecosystem niche/layer

Canopy

Ecological Functions

Nothing listed.

Forage

Nothing listed.

Shelter

Nothing listed.

Propagation

It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[15]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[16]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[K]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[3]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[K]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[3]. Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[17].

Practical Plants is currently lacking information on propagation instructions of Pinus banksiana. Help us fill in the blanks! Edit this page to add your knowledge.



Cultivation

Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[18]. The trees have an extensive root system and are well adapted for growing in poor sandy soils[16][7], they are often used as a pioneer tree for reforestation[7]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils and shady positions[18]. Starts away well on almost any soil, whether poorly drained or shallow and dry[19]. Established plants tolerate drought[3].

A fast growing tree when young[3], but growth soon slows down and the tree is short-lived in Britain with no tree known to be older than 75 years[19]. New shoots can be almost 1 metre long, though the tree remains spindly[19]. An open-topped tree, though plants sometimes have a shrubby habit of growth[13]. They can start producing seed when only a few years old[13]. The cones are 4- 5cm long[13]. They ripen in their second year but can remain un-opened on the tree for a number of years, only opening and shedding their seed after a forest fire has heated them to at least 50°c[7]. This makes them one of the first colonizers of burnt land[7]. Cultivated for timber in C. Europe[20]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[3]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[3]. This species hybridises in the wild with P. contorta where their ranges overlap[7]. There are several named varieties selected for their ornamental value[3]. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby inhibiting the growth of other plants below the tree[21].

Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[3].

Crops

Problems, pests & diseases

Associations & Interactions

There are no interactions listed for Pinus banksiana. Do you know of an interaction that should be listed here? edit this page to add it.

Polycultures & Guilds

There are no polycultures listed which include Pinus banksiana.

Descendants

Cultivars

Varieties

None listed.

Subspecies

None listed.

Full Data

This table shows all the data stored for this plant.

Taxonomy
Binomial name
Pinus banksiana
Genus
Pinus
Family
Pinaceae
Imported References
Edible uses
[2][3][4][5]
Medicinal uses
[10][4]
Material uses & Functions
[6][7][4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Botanic
[16][22][3]
Propagation
Cultivation
Environment
Cultivation
Uses
Edible uses
None listed.
Material uses
None listed.
Medicinal uses
None listed.
Functions & Nature
Functions
Provides forage for
Provides shelter for
Environment
Hardiness Zone
2
Heat Zone
?
Water
moderate
Sun
full sun
Shade
no shade
Soil PH
acid, neutral
Soil Texture
sandy, loamy
Soil Water Retention
Environmental Tolerances
  • Drought
  • Strong wind
Ecosystems
Native Climate Zones
None listed.
Adapted Climate Zones
None listed.
Native Geographical Range
None listed.
Native Environment
None listed.
Ecosystem Niche
Canopy
Root Zone Tendancy
None listed.
Life
Deciduous or Evergreen
evergreen
Herbaceous or Woody
woody
Life Cycle
perennial
Growth Rate
vigorous
Mature Size
12 x 5 meters
Fertility
self sterile
Pollinators
Wind
Flower Colour
?
Flower Type
monoecious

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"image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki. "image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.


"image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.

"image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.

"image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki., "image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki. "image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki., "image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.

"image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki."image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki."image:Pinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg|248px" cannot be used as a page name in this wiki.






References

  1. ? Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0395467225 (1990-00-00)
  2. ? 2.02.12.22.3 Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3874292169 (1984-00-00)
  3. ? 3.003.013.023.033.043.053.063.073.083.093.103.11 Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-47494-5 (1992-00-00)
  4. ? 4.04.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.9 Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00)
  5. ? 5.05.1 McPherson. A. and S. Wild Food Plants of Indiana. Indiana University Press ISBN 0-253-28925-4 (1977-00-00)
  6. ? 6.06.1 Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. ISBN 0-02-544950-8 (1974-00-00)
  7. ? 7.07.17.27.37.47.57.67.77.8 Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. ISBN 0889025649 (1989-00-00)
  8. ? 8.08.1 Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-304-34324-2 (1993-00-00)
  9. ? 9.09.19.29.39.49.5 Howes. F. N. Vegetable Gums and Resins. Faber ()
  10. ? 10.010.110.210.310.410.510.610.710.810.9 Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00)
  11. ? 11.011.111.2 Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim (1959-00-00)
  12. ? 12.012.112.2 Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable ISBN 0094579202 (1974-00-00)
  13. ? 13.013.113.213.313.413.5 Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. ISBN 0-486-20278-X (1965-00-00)
  14. ? 14.014.1 Britton. N. L. Brown. A. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada Dover Publications. New York. ISBN 0-486-22642-5 (1970-00-00)
  15. ? McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books ISBN 0-901361-21-6 (1985-00-00)
  16. ? 16.016.116.2 Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray (1981-00-00)
  17. ? Rushforth. K. Conifers. Christopher Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X (1987-00-00)
  18. ? 18.018.1 F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press (1951-00-00)
  19. ? 19.019.119.2 Mitchell. A. F. Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO ISBN 0-11-710012-9 (1975-00-00)
  20. ? ? Flora Europaea Cambridge University Press (1964-00-00)
  21. ? Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins (1979-00-00)
  22. ? Fernald. M. L. Gray's Manual of Botany. American Book Co. (1950-00-00)

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Facts about "Pinus banksiana"RDF feed
Article is incompleteYes +
Article requires citationsNo +
Article requires cleanupYes +
Belongs to familyPinaceae +
Belongs to genusPinus +
Has common nameJack Pine +
Has drought toleranceTolerant +
Has edible partUnknown part +, Flowers +, Inner bark + and Seeds +
Has edible useSeasoning +, Drink + and Unknown use +
Has environmental toleranceHigh wind + and Drought +
Has fertility typeSelf sterile + and Wind +
Has flowers of typeMonoecious +
Has growth rateVigorous +
Has hardiness zone2 +
Has imagePinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg +
Has lifecycle typePerennial +
Has material partUnknown part +
Has material useDye +, Herbicide +, String + and Wood +
Has mature height12 +
Has mature width5 +
Has medicinal partUnknown part +
Has medicinal useAntiseptic +, Diuretic +, Expectorant +, Poultice +, Rubefacient + and Vermifuge +
Has primary imagePinus banksiana pollen cones.jpg +
Has search namepinus banksiana + and x +
Has shade toleranceNo shade +
Has soil ph preferenceAcid + and Neutral +
Has soil teloamyture preferenceLoamy +
Has soil tesandyture preferenceSandy +
Has sun preferenceFull sun +
Has taxonomy namePinus banksiana +
Has water requirementsmoderate +
Inhabits ecosystem nicheCanopy +
Is deciduous or evergreenEvergreen +
Is herbaceous or woodyWoody +
Is taxonomy typeSpecies +
Tolerates nutritionally poor soilNo +
Tolerates windYes +
Uses mature size measurement unitMeters +