Vitis vinifera

Taxonomy and growth

Family

Vitaceae

Genus

Vitis

Foliage

deciduous

Growth rate

vigorous

Height

15 m

Fertility

Insects

Flower type

hermaphrodite

Pollinators

Insects

Uses

Edible uses

Fruit - raw or dried for winter use^{[1][9][2][20]}. The dried fruits are the raisins, sultanas and currants of commerce, different varieties producing the different types of dried fruit. A fully ripened fresh fruit is sweet, juicy and delicious[K]. The fruit juice can be concentrated and used as a sweetener^[8]. This fruit is widely used in making wine^[8]. Leaves - cooked^[21]. Young leaves are wrapped around other foods and then baked, they impart a pleasant flavour^[8]. Young tendrils - raw or cooked^[24]. The flower clusters are used as a vegetable^[8]. An edible oil similar to sunflower oil is obtained from the seed^[23][8]. It needs to be refined before it can be eaten^[20]. A polyunsaturated oil, it is suitable for mayonnaise and cooking, especially frying^[15]. Sap - raw. Used as a drink, it has a sweet taste. The sap can be harvested in spring and early summer, though it should not be taken in quantity or it will weaken the plant. The roasted seed is a coffee substitute^[23]. Cream of tartar, also known as potassium bitartrate, a crystalline salt, is extracted from the residue of pressed grapes, and from the sediment of wine barrels. It is used in making baking powder^[15].

Medicinal uses

Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.

Grapes are a nourishing and slightly laxative fruit that can support the body through illness, especially of the gastro-intestinal tract and liver^[18]. Because the nutrient content of grapes is close to that of blood plasma, grape fasts are recommended for detoxification^[18]. Analgesic^[6]. The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening^[19][13]. A period of time on a diet based entirely on the fruit is especially recommended in the treatment of torpid liver or sluggish biliary function^[23]. The fruit is also helpful in the treatment of varicose veins, haemorrhoids and capillary fragility^[18]. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic^[13]. It has a slight effect in easing coughs^[18]. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent^{[19][23][13][18]}. A decoction is used in the treatment of threatened abortion, internal and external bleeding, cholera, dropsy, diarrhoea and nausea^[19][13][18]. It is also used as a wash for mouth ulcers and as douche for treating vaginal discharge^[18]. Red grape leaves are also helpful in the treatment of varicose veins, haemorrhoids and capillary fragility^[18]. The leaves are harvested in early summer and used fresh or dried^[15]. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent^[19][23][13]. The sap of young branches is diuretic^[23]. It is used as a remedy for skin diseases^[13][16] and is also an excellent lotion for the eyes^[19][23][18]. The tendrils are astringent and a decoction is used in the treatment of diarrhoea^[23]. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are 'Dominating', 'Inflexible' and 'Ambitious'^[12].

Material uses

A yellow dye is obtained from the fresh or dried leaves^[4]. An oil from the seed is used for lighting and as an ingredient in soaps, paints etc^[20][22]. Cream of tartar, extracted from the residue of pressed grapes, is used in making fluxes for soldering^[15]. Especially when growing in hotter countries than Britain, the stems of very old vines attain a good size and have been used to supply a very durable timber^[19].

Ecology and functions

Ecosystem niche

Climber

Environment

Range

E. Europe. Naturalized in Britain^[5].

Habitat

Riversides and damp woods^[10]. Grows on the banks of the Thames at Kew in Britain^[5].

Light

full sun

Shade tolerance

light shade

Water

moderate

Hardiness

Zone 6+

Soil textures

sandy, loamy, clay

Soil pH

acid, neutral, alkaline

Drainage

well drained

Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil

No

Drought

intolerant

Propagation

Cultivation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Prefers a deep rich moist well-drained moderately fertile loam^[1][10]. Grows best in a calcareous soil, but dislikes excessively chalky soils^[10]. Prefers a pH in the range 6.5 to 7^[10] but tolerates a range from 4.3 to 8.6. Succeeds in sun or partial shade though a warm sunny sheltered position is required for the fruit to ripen^[10]. Very commonly grown in the temperate zones of the world for its edible fruit, there are many named varieties, some of which have been developed for their use as a dried fruit, others for dessert use and others for wine^[3][8]. Good and regular crops are a bit problematical in Britain, grapes are on the northern most limits of their range in this country and the British summer often does not provide enough heat to properly ripen the fruit. Late frosts can also damage young growth in spring, though dormant shoots are very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to about -20°c^[2]. Nonetheless, there are a number of commercial vineyards in Britain (usually producing wine grapes) and, given a suitably sunny and sheltered position, good dessert grapes can also be grown. In general it is best to grow the dessert varieties against the shelter of a south or west facing wall^[14]. There are a number of varieties that have been bred to cope with cooler summers. Grapes are very susceptible to attacks by phylloxera, this disease is especially prevalent in some areas of Europe and it almost destroyed the grape industry. However, American species of grapes that are resistant to phylloxera are now used as rootstocks and this allows grapes to be grown in areas where the disease is common. Britain is free of the disease at the present (1989) and grapes are usually grown on their own roots. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus^[10]. The flowers are intensely fragrant^[17]. Grapes grow well in the company of hyssop, chives, basil and charlock^[11]. They grow badly with radishes, both the grapes and the radishes developing an off taste^[11]. Plants climb by means of tendrils^[7]. Any pruning should be carried out in winter when the plants are dormant otherwise they bleed profusely^[7]. The cultivated grape is thought to have been derived from V. vinifera sylvestris. (Gmel.)Hegi. This form has dioecious flowers and produces small black grapes.

Crops

Related plants

• Vitis acerifoliaBush Grape
• Vitis aestivalisSummer Grape
• Vitis aestivalis argentifoliaSummer Grape
• Vitis amurensisAmur River Grape

References

1. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00

   ↩1↩2

2. Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981-00-00

   ↩1↩2

3. Bianchini. F., Corbetta. F. and Pistoia. M. Fruits of the Earth.

   ↩

4. Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. 1974-00-00 ISBN 0-02-544950-8

   ↩

5. Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962-00-00

   ↩1↩2

6. Stuart. Rev. G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. Taipei. Southern Materials Centre

   ↩

7. Thomas. G. S. Ornamental Shrubs, Climbers and Bamboos. Murray 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-7195-5043-2

   ↩1↩2

8. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990-00-00 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9

   ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

9. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972-00-00 ISBN 0-486-20459-6

   ↩

10. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

11. Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993-00-00 ISBN 0-304-34324-2

    ↩1↩2

12. Chancellor. P. M. Handbook of the Bach Flower Remedies C. W. Daniel Co. Ltd. 1985-00-00 ISBN 85207 002 0

    ↩

13. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985-00-00 ISBN 0-917256-20-4

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

14. Grey-Wilson. C. & Matthews. V. Gardening on Walls Collins 1983-00-00 ISBN 0-00-219220-0

    ↩

15. Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995-00-00 ISBN 0-7513-020-31

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

16. Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986-00-00

    ↩

17. Genders. R. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale. London. 1994-00-00 ISBN 0-7090-5440-8

    ↩

18. Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996-00-00 ISBN 9-780751-303148

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9

19. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

20. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959-00-00

    ↩1↩2↩3

21. Harris. B. C. Eat the Weeds. Pivot Health 1973-00-00

    ↩

22. Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974-00-00 ISBN 0094579202

    ↩

23. Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-356-10541-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8

24. Harrington. H. D. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains. University of New Mexico Press 1967-00-00 ISBN 0-8623-0343-9

    ↩