Practical
Plants

Veratrum californicum

California False Hellebore

a perennial member of the Veratrum genus in the family Melanthiaceae.

No photo available

Taxonomy and growth

Life cycle
perennial
Height
2.5 m
Spread
0.6 m
Fertility
Bees, Flies, Lepidoptera
Flower type
hermaphrodite
Pollinators
Bees, Flies, Lepidoptera

Uses

Toxicity

Toxicity warning. The historical record reports a hazard for this plant. Do not use it to decide which parts are safe to eat or use medicinally.

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

All parts of the plant are highly poisonous[2][6]. The flowers are poisonous to insects, including bees[2].

Medicinal uses

Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Although a very poisonous plant, California false hellebore was often employed medicinally by a number of native North American Indian tribes who used it mainly as an external application to treat wounds etc[10]. It also had quite a reputation as a contraceptive[10]. It is little, if at all, used in modern herbalism. Any use of this plant, especially internal use, should be carried out with great care and preferably only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The root is analgesic, disinfectant and febrifuge[10]. A decoction has been used in the treatment of venereal disease[10]. The roots have been grated then chewed and the juice swallowed as a treatment for colds[10]. A poultice of the mashed raw root has been used as a treatment for rheumatism, boils, sores, cuts, swellings and burns[10]. The dried and ground up root has been used as a dressing on bruises and sores[10]. A poultice of the chewed root has been applied to rattlesnake bites to draw out the poison[10]. The powdered root has been rubbed on the face to allay the pain of toothache[10]. A decoction of the root has been taken orally by both men and women as a contraceptive[13][10]. A dose of one teaspoon of this decoction three times a day for three weeks is said to ensure permanent sterility in women[7][9].

Product or use
Analgesic
Product or use
Contraceptive
Product or use
Disinfectant
Product or use
Febrifuge
Product or use
Poultice
Product or use
Salve

Material uses

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

The dried and powdered root is used as an insecticide and a parasiticide[3]. It is also effective against caterpillars and mammals so great caution is advised[1][4][5].

Product or use
Insecticide

Environment

Range
South-western N. America.
Habitat
Swamps, creek bottoms, moist woodlands and meadows, from lowland to the sub-alpine zone[12].
Light
full sun
Shade tolerance
light shade
Water
moderate
Hardiness
Zone 5+
Soil textures
sandy, loamy, clay
Soil pH
acid, neutral, alkaline
Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
No
Drought
intolerant

Propagation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Unless stored in damp sand at around 4°c the seed has a short viability[6]. Where possible it is best to sow the seed in a lightly shaded position in the greenhouse as soon as it is ripe[6]. Stored seed needs to be stratified but can be very slow to germinate. Germination can be erratic even for seed sown when it was fresh, it usually takes place within 3 - 12 months at 15°c but can be much longer[6]. The plant produces just one seedleaf in its first year, this forms an over-wintering bulb. It takes up to 10 years for the plant to reach maturity[6]. Sow the seed thinly so there is no need to thin or transplant them, and grow the seedlings on undisturbed in the pot for their first two years of growth. Apply a liquid feed at intervals through the growing season to ensure the plants do not become nutrient deficient. At the end of the second year plant out the dormant plants into individual pots and grow them on in light shade in the greenhouse for a further year or two before planting them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. Division in March/April or in October. Establish the plants in pots in a shaded frame before planting them out[6]. Division is best carried out in the autumn because the plants come into growth very early in the spring[8]. Root cuttings, 6mm long with a bud, rooted in a sandy soil in a cold frame[6].

Cultivation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Requires a deep fertile moisture retentive humus-rich soil[6]. Succeeds in full sun if the soil does not dry out but prefers a position in semi-shade[6]. Dislikes dry soils[11]. Grows best in a cool woodland garden or a north facing border[11]. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer[8]. Plants are long-lived and can be left in the same position for years without attention[8].

References

  1. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00

    ↩

  2. Arnberger. L. P. Flowers of the Southwest Mountains. Southwestern Monuments Ass. 1968-00-00

    ↩1↩2

  3. Schofield. J. J. Discovering Wild Plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.

    ↩

  4. Stary. F. Poisonous Plants. Hamlyn 1983-00-00 ISBN 0-600-35666-3

    ↩

  5. Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978-00-00 ISBN 0-88266-064-0

    ↩

  6. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9

  7. Coffey. T. The History and Folklore of North American Wild Flowers. Facts on File. 1993-00-00 ISBN 0-8160-2624-6

    ↩

  8. Thomas. G. S. Perennial Garden Plants J. M. Dent & Sons, London. 1990-00-00 ISBN 0 460 86048 8

    ↩1↩2↩3

  9. Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996-00-00 ISBN 9-780751-303148

    ↩

  10. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998-00-00 ISBN 0-88192-453-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9↩10

  11. Grey. C. H. Hardy Bulbs. Williams & Norgate. 1938-00-00

    ↩1↩2

  12. Hitchcock. C. L. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press 1955-00-00

    ↩

  13. Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974-00-00 ISBN 0094579202

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