Practical
Plants

Populus trichocarpa

Western Balsam Poplar

a perennial woody deciduous member of the Populus genus in the family Salicaceae.

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Taxonomy and growth

Genus
Populus
Life cycle
perennial
Foliage
deciduous
Woodiness
woody
Growth rate
vigorous
Height
40 m
Spread
12 m
Fertility
Self sterile, Wind
Flower type
dioecious
Pollinators
Wind

Uses

Edible uses

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Inner bark - raw or dried. It is usually ground into a powder and used as a flour, this is normally mixed with other flours for making bread etc[4][5]. It is best used in the spring[4]. The inner bark is mucilaginous[14] and extremely sweet, but it sours or ferments rapidly and so, unlike most inner barks, it cannot be dried for winter use, though it can be sun-dried for more immediate use[13]. Catkins - raw or cooked. A bitter flavour[4]. Sap - used for food[14].

Plant part
Flowers
Plant part
Inner bark
Plant part
Sap

Medicinal uses

Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Western balsam poplar has a long history of herbal use. It was commonly used by many native North American Indian tribes who valued it especially for its antiseptic and expectorant properties, using it to treat lung complaints, wounds, skin conditions etc[14]. It is still commonly employed in modern herbalism with much the same uses. The leaf buds are covered with a resinous sap that has a strong turpentine odour and a bitter taste[8]. They also contain salicin, a glycoside that probably decomposes into salicylic acid (aspirin) in the body[8]. The buds are antiscorbutic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and tonic[15][9][11]. They are taken internally in the treatment of bronchitis and upper respiratory tract infections. They should not be prescribed to patients who are sensitive to aspirin[11]. Externally, the buds are used to treat colds, sinusitis, arthritis, rheumatism, muscular pain and dry skin conditions[11]. They can be put in hot water and used as an inhalant to relieve congested nasal passages[8]. The buds are harvested in the spring before they open and are dried for later use[11]. Although no specific mention has been seen for this species, the bark of most, if not all members of the genus contain salicin, a glycoside that probably decomposes into salicylic acid (aspirin) in the body[8][11]. The bark is therefore anodyne, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge. It is used especially in treating rheumatism and fevers, and also to relieve the pain of menstrual cramps[11].

Product or use
Anodyne
Product or use
Antiinflammatory
Product or use
Antiscorbutic
Product or use
Antiseptic
Product or use
Balsamic
Product or use
Diuretic
Product or use
Expectorant
Product or use
Febrifuge
Product or use
Stimulant
Product or use
Tonic

Material uses

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

An extract of the shoots can be used as a rooting hormone for all types of cuttings. It is extracted by soaking the chopped up shoots in cold water for a day[4]. A yellow dye is obtained from the leaf buds[14]. The bark of large trees is thick and corky. It is made into containers for carrying and storing food, also as a lining for underground food stores[18]. The inner bark has been shredded, spun together with red or yellow cedar inner bark (Thuja plicata, Juniperus spp and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) and used as a twine[14]. A glue is made from the aromatic gum on the spring buds[18][9][14]. Very strong, it can also be used as a waterproofing for wood etc[18]. When mixed with pigment it can be used as a paint[18]. A string is made from the roots[18]. The supple young branches have been used as lashings or tying thongs[14]. The seed fluff is used as a stuffing material for pillows etc[18]. The wood ashes are a soap substitute[18], they can also be mixed with oil to make a soap[18]. The white inner bark is also a soap substitute, it can be dried and stored for later use[18]. The inner bark has also been used as a scouring pad[14]. The roots have been used for making baskets[14]. Wood - soft, moderately strong, easily worked, rather woolly in texture, without smell or taste, of low flammability, not durable, very resistant to abrasion. Used in making crates, packing material the staves of barrels, woodenware and for pulp[2][17][18][10]. It makes an excellent fuel[18].

Product or use
Adhesive
Product or use
Basketry
Product or use
Containers
Product or use
Cork
Product or use
Dye
Product or use
Fuel
Product or use
Insulation
Product or use
Paint
Product or use
Rooting hormone
Product or use
Scourer
Product or use
Soap
Product or use
Soap making
Product or use
String
Product or use
Stuffing
Product or use
Waterproofing
Product or use
Wood

Ecology and functions

Ecosystem niche
Canopy

Environment

Range
Western N. America - Alaska to Oregon.
Habitat
Moist woods, ravines, shores, prairies and park lands[7].
Light
full sun
Shade tolerance
no shade
Water
moderate
Hardiness
Zone 5+
Soil textures
sandy, loamy, clay, heavy clay
Soil pH
very acid, acid, neutral, alkaline
Drainage
well drained
Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
No
Drought
intolerant

Propagation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Seed - must be sown as soon as it is ripe in spring[3]. Poplar seed has an extremely short period of viability and needs to be sown within a few days of ripening[6]. Surface sow or just lightly cover the seed in trays in a cold frame. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the old frame. If sufficient growth is made, it might be possible to plant them out in late summer into their permanent positions, otherwise keep them in the cold frame until the following late spring and then plant them out. Most poplar species hybridize freely with each other, so the seed may not come true unless it is collected from the wild in areas with no other poplar species growing[2]. Cuttings of mature wood of the current season's growth, 20 - 40cm long, November/December in a sheltered outdoor bed or direct into their permanent positions. Very easy. Suckers in early spring[16].

Cultivation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

A very easily grown plant, it does well in a heavy cold damp soil[1]. Prefers a deep rich well-drained circumneutral soil, growing best in the south and east of Britain[2][6]. Growth is much less on wet soils, on poor acid soils and on thin dry soils[2] but this species is more tolerant of acid soils than other members of the genus[2]. It dislikes shade and is intolerant of root or branch competition[2][6]. Plants are reasonably wind resistant, but they do not grow well in exposed upland sites[2]. Many forms of this species are susceptible to bacterial canker, the female clone 'Fritzi Pauley' is resistant[2][6]. A very fast growing[2] and ornamental tree[1], it does well in western Britain where trees have reached 25 metres tall in 20 years[2]. The leaf buds, as they swell in the spring, and the young leaves have a pleasing fragrance of balsam[12]. The fragrance is especially pronounced as the leaves unfold[12]. Poplars have very extensive and aggressive root systems that can invade and damage drainage systems. Especially when grown on clay soils, they should not be planted within 12 metres of buildings since the root system can damage the building's foundations by drying out the soil[2]. Dioecious. Male and female plants must be grown if seed is required.

References

  1. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00

    ↩1↩2

  2. Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981-00-00

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9↩10↩11

  3. Dirr. M. A. and Heuser. M. W. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Athens Ga. Varsity Press 1987-00-00 ISBN 0942375009

    ↩

  4. Schofield. J. J. Discovering Wild Plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  5. Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984-00-00 ISBN 3874292169

    ↩

  6. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  7. Livingstone. B. Flora of Canada National Museums of Canada 1978-00-00 ISBN 0-660-00025-3

    ↩

  8. Weiner. M. A. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books 1980-00-00 ISBN 0-449-90589-6

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  9. Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. 1989-00-00 ISBN 0889025649

    ↩1↩2

  10. Elias. T. The Complete Trees of N. America. Field Guide and Natural History. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1980-00-00 ISBN 0442238622

    ↩

  11. Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995-00-00 ISBN 0-7513-020-31

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

  12. Genders. R. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale. London. 1994-00-00 ISBN 0-7090-5440-8

    ↩1↩2

  13. Turner. N. J. Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples UBC Press. Vancouver. 1995-00-00 ISBN 0-7748-0533-1

    ↩

  14. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998-00-00 ISBN 0-88192-453-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9

  15. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9

    ↩

  16. Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948-00-00

    ↩

  17. Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. 1965-00-00 ISBN 0-486-20278-X

    ↩

  18. Turner. N. J. Plants in British Columbian Indian Technology. British Columbia Provincial Museum 1979-00-00 ISBN 0-7718-8117-7

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9↩10↩11

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