Pinus pinaster
Maritime Pine
a perennial woody evergreen member of the Pinus genus in the family Pinaceae.
Taxonomy and growth
Uses
Toxicity
Toxicity warning. The historical record reports a hazard for this plant. Do not use it to decide which parts are safe to eat or use medicinally.
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[9].
Edible uses
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
Seed - raw or cooked. Rich in oil, it has a resinous flavour. The seed is about 1cm long[7]. A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[7].
- Product or use
- Condiment
Medicinal uses
Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge[10]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[10]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[10]. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers[10].
- Product or use
- Miscellany
Material uses
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
Often planted as a shelterbelt along exposed coasts[3][11][13][15][17] and also to stabilize sandy soils[12][18]. It is very tolerant of maritime exposure, but may require staking when it is young[15]. A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[4]. The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[8]. This species is the major source of resin in Europe, it is extensively planted, especially along the Atlantic coast of Europe[12][14][7]. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[14]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[10][14]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[14]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[14] and is separated by distillation[10][14]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[10]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[10]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc. Wood - rough carpentry, boxes, pit props etc. A source of pulp wood[3][2].
- Product or use
- Dye
- Product or use
- Herbicide
- Product or use
- Oil
- Product or use
- Resin
- Product or use
- Wood
Ecology and functions
- Ecosystem niche
- Canopy
Environment
- Range
- Europe - W. Mediterranean. Naturalized in Britain in some parts of the New Forest[17].
- Habitat
- Coastal sands and dunes, it is also found on mountains inland.
- Light
- full sun
- Shade tolerance
- no shade
- Water
- moderate
- Hardiness
- Zone 8+
- Soil textures
- sandy, loamy
- Soil pH
- acid, neutral
- Drainage
- well drained
- Tolerances
- high wind, maritime exposure, drought
- Wind
- Yes
- Maritime
- Yes
- Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
- No
- Drought
- tolerant
Propagation
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[16]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[3]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[K]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[7]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[K]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[7]. Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[17].
Cultivation
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[1][3]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils[1] and shady positions. Established plants tolerate drought[7]. Succeeds in poor dry sandy soils[6]. Tolerates maritime exposure[15], though trees are often laid over from the base by heavy winds when they are young. The stem merely bends back to the vertical and continues growing, the bend remaining in the trunk[6]. The best trees are found in the far south of Britain, where this species often self-sows. It is very fast growing, especially when young with new annual shoots of 1 metre common[6]. It is not very long-lived in cultivation[3][6], though trees have lived longer than 150 years in Britain. Widely cultivated in Europe for the resin obtained from the trunk and for woodpulp, it is the most widely used European species[14][7]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[7]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[7]. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby reducing the amount of plants that can grow beneath the trees[5]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[7].
References
F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00
Polunin. O. Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide. Oxford University Press 1969-00-00 ISBN 0192176218
Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981-00-00
Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. 1974-00-00 ISBN 0-02-544950-8
Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979-00-00
Mitchell. A. F. Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO 1975-00-00 ISBN 0-11-710012-9
Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993-00-00 ISBN 0-304-34324-2
Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990-00-00 ISBN 0395467225
Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Arnold-Forster. Shrubs for the Milder Counties.
? Flora Europaea Cambridge University Press 1964-00-00
Thurston. Trees and Shrubs in Cornwall.
Howes. F. N. Vegetable Gums and Resins. Faber
Rosewarne experimental horticultural station. Shelter Trees and Hedges. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 1984-00-00
McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985-00-00 ISBN 0-901361-21-6
Rushforth. K. Conifers. Christopher Helm 1987-00-00 ISBN 0-7470-2801-X
Polunin. O. and Huxley. A. Flowers of the Mediterranean. Hogarth Press 1987-00-00 ISBN 0-7012-0784-1