Pinus gerardiana
Chilghoza Pine
a perennial woody evergreen member of the Pinus genus in the family Pinaceae.
Taxonomy and growth
Uses
Toxicity
Toxicity warning. The historical record reports a hazard for this plant. Do not use it to decide which parts are safe to eat or use medicinally.
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[12].
Edible uses
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
Seed - raw or cooked[14][16][5]. Rich in oil, they have a pleasant flavour with a hint of resin and can be used as a staple food[9]. Used like pistachio nuts[8]. A very good size, up to 25cm long[10]. The seed is an important local food source[2][4], and is considered to be a great delicacy[15][8]. A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[10].
- Product or use
- Condiment
- Plant part
- Seed
Medicinal uses
Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
The seed is anodyne and stimulant[13]. The oil obtained from the seeds is used as a dressing on wounds and ulcers, it is also used externally in the treatment of head diseases[13]. The turpentine obtained from the resin of all pine trees is antiseptic, diuretic, rubefacient and vermifuge[14]. It is a valuable remedy used internally in the treatment of kidney and bladder complaints and is used both internally and as a rub and steam bath in the treatment of rheumatic affections[14]. It is also very beneficial to the respiratory system and so is useful in treating diseases of the mucous membranes and respiratory complaints such as coughs, colds, influenza and TB[14]. Externally it is a very beneficial treatment for a variety of skin complaints, wounds, sores, burns, boils etc and is used in the form of liniment plasters, poultices, herbal steam baths and inhalers[14].
- Product or use
- Anodyne
- Product or use
- Antiseptic
- Product or use
- Diuretic
- Product or use
- Poultice
- Product or use
- Rubefacient
- Product or use
- Stimulant
- Product or use
- Vermifuge
Material uses
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[6]. The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[11]. The bark of the tree is made into baskets and also into rough buckets for fetching water[4]. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[17]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[14][17]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[17]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[17] and is separated by distillation[14][17]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[14]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[14]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc.
- Product or use
- Basketry
- Product or use
- Containers
- Product or use
- Dye
- Product or use
- Herbicide
Ecology and functions
- Ecosystem niche
- Canopy
Environment
- Range
- E. Asia - Afghanistan and the N. W. Himalayas.
- Habitat
- Dry inner valleys[15], usually on limestone[3], to 3000 metres. Gregarious on dry steep rocky slopes on granite or clay slate in areas beyond the reach of the S.W. monsoons[4].
- Light
- full sun
- Shade tolerance
- no shade
- Water
- moderate
- Hardiness
- Zone 7+
- Soil textures
- sandy, loamy, clay, heavy clay
- Soil pH
- acid, neutral
- Drainage
- well drained
- Tolerances
- drought
- Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
- No
- Drought
- tolerant
Propagation
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[18]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[2]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[K]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[10]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[K]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[10]. Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[19].
Cultivation
This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.
Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[1][2]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils[1]. Established plants tolerate drought[10]. Found on clay soils in the wild[4]. Forms so far introduced into Britain are hard to establish and grow on, other provenances may be better[3]. A slow growing tree[19]. This species is cultivated for its edible seed in Asia[10]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[10]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[10]. Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby reducing the amount of plants that can grow beneath the tree[7]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[10].
References
F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00
Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981-00-00
? The Plantsman. Vol. 2. 1980 - 1981. Royal Horticultural Society 1980-00-00
Gamble. J. S. A Manual of Indian Timbers. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh 1972-00-00
Gupta. B. L. Forest Flora of Chakrata, Dehra Dun and Saharanpur. Forest Research Institute Press 1945-00-00
Grae. I. Nature's Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. 1974-00-00 ISBN 0-02-544950-8
Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979-00-00
Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990-00-00 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972-00-00 ISBN 0-486-20459-6
Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers Ltd. 1993-00-00 ISBN 0-304-34324-2
Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990-00-00 ISBN 0395467225
Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986-00-00
Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
Polunin. O. and Stainton. A. Flowers of the Himalayas. Oxford Universtiy Press 1984-00-00
Howes. F. N. Nuts. Faber 1948-00-00
Howes. F. N. Vegetable Gums and Resins. Faber
McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985-00-00 ISBN 0-901361-21-6
Rushforth. K. Conifers. Christopher Helm 1987-00-00 ISBN 0-7470-2801-X