Practical
Plants

Picea rubens

Red Spruce

a perennial woody evergreen member of the Picea genus in the family Pinaceae.

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Taxonomy and growth

Family
Pinaceae
Genus
Picea
Life cycle
perennial
Foliage
evergreen
Woodiness
woody
Growth rate
vigorous
Height
30 m
Fertility
Wind
Flower type
monoecious
Pollinators
Wind

Uses

Toxicity

Toxicity warning. The historical record reports a hazard for this plant. Do not use it to decide which parts are safe to eat or use medicinally.

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

The sawdust, the resin from the trunk and even the needles can cause dermatitis in some people[8].

Edible uses

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Young shoots. An emergency food, used when all else fails[5]. Young male catkins - raw or cooked. Used as a flavouring[4]. Immature female cones - cooked. The central portion, when roasted, is sweet and syrupy[4]. The cones are 3 - 5cm in diameter[18]. Inner bark - dried, ground into a powder and then used as a thickener in soups etc or added to cereals when making bread[4]. An emergency food, it is only used when all else fails. Seed - raw[4]. The seed is about 2 - 4mm long[10] and is too small and fiddly to be worthwhile unless you are desperate[4]. A refreshing tea, rich in vitamin C, can be made from the young shoot tips[4][12]. A gum is exuded from the tree as a result of injury to the sapwood. It is used for chewing[13][15][3].

Plant part
Flowers
Product or use
Gum
Product or use
Tea
Plant part
Inner bark
Plant part
Leaves
Plant part
Seed

Medicinal uses

Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

A tea made from the boughs has been used in the treatment of colds and to 'break out' measles[8][12]. The pitch from the trunk has been used as a poultice on rheumatic joints, the chest and the stomach in order to relieve congestion and pain[8]. A decoction of the bark has been used in the treatment of lung complaints and throat problems[12].

Product or use
Pectoral
Product or use
Poultice

Material uses

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

The bark has been used to make baskets[12]. Pitch can be obtained from the trunk[12]. The roots have been used to make thread for sewing baskets, canoe skins etc[12]. Wood - straight-grained, soft, light, not strong[13][15][3][10]. It weighs 28lb per cubic foot[11]. Used for boxes, sash frames etc. It is also valued for its use in the pulp industry to make paper[13][15][3][10] and is commonly used to produce stringed musical instruments[10].

Product or use
Basketry
Product or use
Fibre
Product or use
Pitch
Product or use
Wood

Ecology and functions

Ecosystem niche
Canopy

Environment

Range
Eastern N. America - Newfoundland to New England and North Carolina, south to Tennessee and Georgia.
Habitat
At or near sea level in the northern part of its range, where it grows in swamps, along bogs or on well-drained slopes. In the south it is found in mountain ranges, usually in thin soils[10].
Light
full sun
Shade tolerance
no shade
Water
moderate
Hardiness
Zone 3+
Soil textures
sandy, loamy, clay
Soil pH
very acid, acid, neutral
Tolerances
high wind
Wind
Yes
Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
No
Drought
intolerant

Propagation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Seed - stratification will probably improve germination so sow fresh seed in the autumn in a cold frame if possible[17]. Sow stored seed as early in the year as possible in a cold frame[16]. A position in light shade is probably best[16]. Seed should not be allowed to dry out and should be stored in a cool place[17]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in the greenhouse or cold frame for their first winter. They can be planted out into their permanent positions in early summer of the following year, or be placed in an outdoor nursery bed for a year or so to increase in size. They might need protection from spring frosts. Cuttings of semi-ripe terminal shoots, 5 - 8cm long, August in a frame. Protect from frost. Forms roots in the spring[16]. Cuttings of mature terminal shoots, 5 - 10cm long, September/October in a cold frame. Takes 12 months[16]. Cuttings of soft to semi-ripe wood, early summer in a frame. Slow but sure.

Cultivation

This section contains historical Plants For A Future notes marked noncommercial.

Likes abundant moisture at the roots, if grown in drier areas it must be given a deep moist soil[2]. Tolerates poor peaty soils[7]. Succeeds in wet cold and shallow soils but is not very wind-firm in shallow soils[1]. Resists wind exposure to some degree[7]. A shallow-rooted tree, in the wild it is often blown down by strong winds[10]. Prefers a pH between 4 to 6[7]. Dislikes shade[7]. Intolerant of atmospheric pollution[2]. This species has been planted experimentally as a timber crop in N. Europe[14]. It is slow to get started, but can then grow fairly rapidly when established though it soon slows down and seems to be fairly short-lived in cultivation, around 100 years is probably the limit[6]. Wild trees live about 300 - 400 years[10]. In some upland areas, especially over granitic or other base-poor soils, growth rate and health have been seriously affected by aluminium poisoning induced by acid rain[7]. Seed production commences when the tree is about 15 years old, though reliable crops are not produced for another 5 - 10 years[10]. Heavy crops occur every 4 - 6 years[10]. Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[7]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[7]. Closely related to and hybridizes in the wild with P. mariana[10]. It is believed by some botanists to be a hybrid between P. mariana and P. glauca[9]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[7]. The crushed leaves are redolent of apples or camphor[6].

References

  1. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951-00-00

    ↩

  2. Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981-00-00

    ↩1↩2

  3. Hill. A. F. Economic Botany. The Maple Press 1952-00-00

    ↩1↩2↩3

  4. Schofield. J. J. Discovering Wild Plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

  5. Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984-00-00 ISBN 3874292169

    ↩

  6. Mitchell. A. F. Conifers in the British Isles. HMSO 1975-00-00 ISBN 0-11-710012-9

    ↩1↩2

  7. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8

  8. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1990-00-00 ISBN 0395467225

    ↩1↩2↩3

  9. Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. 1989-00-00 ISBN 0889025649

    ↩

  10. Elias. T. The Complete Trees of N. America. Field Guide and Natural History. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1980-00-00 ISBN 0442238622

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8↩9↩10

  11. Britton. N. L. Brown. A. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada Dover Publications. New York. 1970-00-00 ISBN 0-486-22642-5

    ↩

  12. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998-00-00 ISBN 0-88192-453-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6

  13. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959-00-00

    ↩1↩2↩3

  14. ? Flora Europaea Cambridge University Press 1964-00-00

    ↩

  15. Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974-00-00 ISBN 0094579202

    ↩1↩2↩3

  16. Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948-00-00

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  17. McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985-00-00 ISBN 0-901361-21-6

    ↩1↩2

  18. Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. 1965-00-00 ISBN 0-486-20278-X

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