Practical
Plants

Equisetum arvense

Field Horsetail

No photo available

Taxonomy and growth

Life cycle
perennial
Height
0.6 m

Uses

Toxicity

Toxicity warning. The historical record reports a hazard for this plant. Do not use it to decide which parts are safe to eat or use medicinally.

Large quantities of the plant can be toxic. This is because it contains the enzyme thiaminase[6], a substance that can rob the body of the vitamin B complex[22]. In small quantities this enzyme will do no harm to people eating an adequate diet that is rich in vitamin B, though large quantities can cause severe health problems. The enzyme is destroyed by heat or thorough drying, so cooking the plant will remove the thiaminase[6]. The plant also contains equisetic acid - see the notes on medicinal uses for more information[11].

Edible uses

Strobil (the fertile shoots in spring) - cooked and used as an asparagus substitute[23][18][21][26]. They should be used when young[2] but even so it is probably best to change the water, perhaps 3 - 4 times[24][1]. One report says that they can be eaten raw[6], they are peeled and the shoot tip is discarded[11]. It is said to be a very tedious operation and they should not be eaten raw in any quantity, see the notes above on toxicity[K]. Some native tribes liked to eat the young vegetative shoots, picked before they had branched out, and would often collect them in great quantity then hold a feast to eat them[16]. The leaf sheaths were peeled off and the stems eaten raw - they were said to be 'nothing but juice'[16]. Roots - raw[21]. The tuberous growths on the rhizomes are used in the spring[6]. The black nodules attached to the roots are edible[16]. It takes considerable effort to collect these nodules so it is normally only done in times of desperation. However, native peoples would sometimes raid the underground caches of roots collected by lemmings and other rodents in order to obtain these nodules[16]. A further report says that the peeled stems, base of the plant, root and tubers were eaten raw by the N. American Indians, the report went on to say that this may be inadvisable[24].

Plant part
Root
Plant part
Stem

Medicinal uses

Historical medicinal uses. These records describe reported uses. They do not establish safety or effectiveness. Ask a qualified health professional before using any plant medicinally.

Horsetails have an unusual chemistry compared to most other plants[13]. They are rich in silica, contain several alkaloids (including nicotine) and various minerals[13]. Horsetail is very astringent and makes an excellent clotting agent, staunching wounds, stopping nosebleeds and reducing the coughing up of blood[15]. It helps speed the repair of damaged connective tissue, improving its strength and elasticity[15]. The plant is anodyne, antihaemorrhagic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic and vulnerary[17][23][25][8][10][18][21][4][6][12][14]. The green infertile stems are used, they are most active when fresh but can also be harvested in late summer and dried for later use[17][25]. Sometimes the ashes of the plant are used[17]. The plant is a useful diuretic when taken internally and is used in the treatment of kidney and bladder problems, cystitis, urethritis, prostate disease and internal bleeding, proving especially useful when there is bleeding in the urinary tract[17][13][15]. A decoction applied externally will stop the bleeding of wounds and promote healing[17]. It is especially effective on nose bleeds[23]. A decoction of the herb added to a bath benefits slow-healing sprains and fractures, as well as certain irritable skin conditions such as eczema[15]. The plant contains equisetic acid, which is thought to be identical to aconitic acid. This substance is a potent heart and nerve sedative that is a dangerous poison when taken in high doses[11]. This plant contains irritant substances and should only be used for short periods of time[13]. It is also best only used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh plant[23]. It is used in the treatment of cystitis and other complaints of the urinary system[23].

Product or use
Anodyne
Product or use
Antiseptic
Product or use
Astringent
Product or use
Cardiac
Product or use
Carminative
Product or use
Diaphoretic
Product or use
Diuretic
Product or use
Galactogogue
Product or use
Haemostatic
Product or use
Homeopathy
Product or use
Nervine
Product or use
Vulnerary

Material uses

The stems contain 10% silica and are used for scouring metal[17][23][8][26][1] and as a fine sandpaper[23][20][27][16]. They can also be used as a polish for brass, hardwood etc[26]. The infused stem is an effective fungicide against mildew, mint rust and blackspot on roses[3][7][8][20]. It also makes a good liquid feed[20]. A light pink dye is obtained from the stem[27][16]. It is yellow-gray according to another report[1]. The plant has been used for making whistles[16].

Product or use
Dye
Product or use
Fungicide
Product or use
Liquid feed
Product or use
Musical
Product or use
Paper
Product or use
Polish
Product or use
Sandpaper
Product or use
Scourer

Environment

Range
Arctic and temperate regions of Europe, including Britain, N. America and Asia.
Habitat
Open fields, arable land, waste places, hedgerows and roadsides[25], usually on moist soils[17].
Light
full sun
Shade tolerance
light shade
Water
moderate
Hardiness
Zone 2+
Soil textures
sandy, loamy, clay
Soil pH
acid, neutral, alkaline
Tolerates Nutritionally Poor Soil
No
Drought
intolerant

Propagation

Spores - best collected as soon as they are ripe in the spring and surface-sown immediately on a sterile compost. Keep moist and pot up as soon as the plants are large enough to handle. Very difficult[9]. Division. The plants usually spread very freely when well sited and should not really need any assistance.

Cultivation

Prefers poor dusty ground[19][20]. This rather contradicts another report which says that the presence of this plant indicates underground water[17]. Prefers a moist but well-drained fertile soil with a pH between 6.5 and 7.5[9][13]. A very cold-hardy species tolerating temperatures down to about -30°c[9]. Plants have a deep and penetrating root system and can be invasive. If grown in the garden they are best kept in bounds by planting them in a large container which can be sunk into the ground[9].

References

  1. Kavasch. B. Native Harvests. Vintage Books 1979-00-00 ISBN 0-394-72811-4

    ↩1↩2↩3

  2. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Oriental Herbs and Vegetables, Vol 39 No. 2. Brooklyn Botanic Garden 1986-00-00

    ↩

  3. Holtom. J. and Hylton. W. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press 1979-00-00 ISBN 0-87857-262-7

    ↩

  4. Mills. S. Y. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.

    ↩

  5. Clapham, Tootin and Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 1962-00-00

  6. Schofield. J. J. Discovering Wild Plants - Alaska, W. Canada and the Northwest.

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5

  7. Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979-00-00

    ↩

  8. Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978-00-00 ISBN 0-88266-064-0

    ↩1↩2↩3

  9. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992-00-00 ISBN 0-333-47494-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  10. Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books 1983-00-00 ISBN 0-553-23827-2

    ↩

  11. Weiner. M. A. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books 1980-00-00 ISBN 0-449-90589-6

    ↩1↩2↩3

  12. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985-00-00 ISBN 0-917256-20-4

    ↩

  13. Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. 1995-00-00 ISBN 0-7513-020-31

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5

  14. Chopra. R. N., Nayar. S. L. and Chopra. I. C. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants (Including the Supplement). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. 1986-00-00

    ↩

  15. Chevallier. A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants Dorling Kindersley. London 1996-00-00 ISBN 9-780751-303148

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  16. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998-00-00 ISBN 0-88192-453-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7

  17. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7↩8

  18. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959-00-00

    ↩1↩2

  19. De. Bray. L. The Wild Garden.

    ↩

  20. Hatfield. A. W. How to Enjoy your Weeds. Frederick Muller Ltd 1977-00-00 ISBN 0-584-10141-4

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4

  21. Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974-00-00 ISBN 0094579202

    ↩1↩2↩3

  22. Frohne. D. and Pf�nder. J. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Wolfe 1984-00-00 ISBN 0723408394

    ↩

  23. Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald 1984-00-00 ISBN 0-356-10541-5

    ↩1↩2↩3↩4↩5↩6↩7

  24. Harrington. H. D. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains. University of New Mexico Press 1967-00-00 ISBN 0-8623-0343-9

    ↩1↩2

  25. Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn 1981-00-00 ISBN 0-600-37216-2

    ↩1↩2↩3

  26. Sweet. M. Common Edible and Useful Plants of the West. Naturegraph Co. 1962-00-00 ISBN 0-911010-54-8

    ↩1↩2↩3

  27. Turner. N. J. Plants in British Columbian Indian Technology. British Columbia Provincial Museum 1979-00-00 ISBN 0-7718-8117-7

    ↩1↩2

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